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Computing in a language other than English presents its own set of challenges. This section presents various general solutions and recommendations for users of Macintosh and Windows who work with various languages.

Please note that the help guides listed here are for languages that Miami currently teaches. If you have questions about setting up a language keyboard for a language that Miami does not currently teach, please contact the ILRC Director, Daniel Meyers, and he will assist you in getting your specific language set up. 

Windows 11

Character Entry using the US International Keyboard

For some Latin-based languages, such as French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, you may have an easier time with diacritical character input  by using the US International keyboard layout You might decide to choose to use this layout over memorizing the individual ANSI codes for each character.

These instructions assume that you have already set up the US International Keyboard.

 

How the US International Keyboard Works

First, certain keys become "prefix" or "dead" keys.

US International Keyboard Graphic
' single quote key acute
" double quote key (Shift-') umlaut
` grave key grave
^ caret (Shift-6) circumflex
~ tilde (Shift-grave) tilde
When followed by a letter that can take an accent mark, this sequence creates the accented characters. Examples: á, ü, è, ô, ñ.

This may be confusing at first, because nothing is visible on screen after the first key press. The combination character is not displayed until the second key is pressed to complete the sequence. 

If the next character does not take an accent mark, then the prefix sequence is aborted and two consecutive ordinary characters are obtained. For example: since there is no letter p with a tilde ~ on top, the key sequence ~ p will produce the separate characters ~p.

Second, the behavior of the right-hand "Alt" key is modified. Hold the Right Alt key and press other letter or number keys to obtain a wide variety of other letters and accents. Some of them are duplicates of the "prefix" combinations, others are new. 

US International Keyboard Layout with Alt Keys

French Character Entry

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
Acute á
Á
' + a
' + Shift-A
é
É
' + e
' + Shift-E
í
Í
' + i
' + Shift-I
ó
Ó
' + o
' + Shift-O
ú
Ú
' + u
' + Shift-U
Ash æ
Æ
Alt-Gr + z
Alt-Gr + Shift-Z
Cedilla ç
Ç
Alt-Gr + , (comma)
Alt-Gr + < (shift-comma)
Circumflex â
Â
^ (Shift-6) + a
^ (Shift-6) + Shift-A
ê
Ê
^ (Shift-6) + e
^ (Shift-6) + Shift-E
î
Î
^ (Shift-6) + i
^ (Shift-6) + Shift-I
ô
Ô
^ (Shift-6) +o
^ (Shift-6) +Shift-O
û
Û
^ (Shift-6) + u
^ (Shift-6) + Shift-U
French/Spanish Quotes «
»
Alt-Gr + [
Alt-Gr + ]
Grave à
À
` + a
` + Shift-A
è
È
` + e
` + Shift-E
ì
Ì
` + i
` + Shift-I
ò
Ò
` + o
` + Shift-O
ù
Ù
` + u
` + Shift-U
Oethel œ
Œ
Not Available On This Keyboard
Umlaut ë
Ë
" + e
" + Shift-E
ï
Ï
" + i
" + Shift-I
ü
Ü
" + u
" + Shift-U
ÿ
Ÿ
" + y
Not Available On This Keyboard
    Note: The minor disadvantage of the international keyboard is that when you want to type the "helping" character (e.g., single or double quotes) by itself rather than above a vowel, you have to type the symbol then hit the space bar. For example, to type c'est, type c then ' then hit the spacebar then type e s t. It takes a little while to get used to typing that extra space when you just want to type ' or "

    If you are plagued by strangeness such as cést when you try to type c'est, re-read the note above.

    German Character Entry

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Umlaut ä
    Ä
    " + a
    " + Shift-A
    ö
    Ö
    " + o
    " + Shift-O
    ü
    Ü
    " + u
    " + Shift-U
    Sharp-S ß ALT-Gr + s

    Note: Press space if you wanted " (double quotes). So you need to press Shift + " and then space to get a single double quote in International US keyboard.

    Italian Character Entry

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Acute á
    Á
    ' + a
    ' + Shift-A
    é
    É
    ' + e
    ' + Shift-E
    í
    Í
    ' + i
    ' + Shift-I
    ó
    Ó
    ' + o
    ' + Shift-O
    ú
    Ú
    ' + u
    ' + Shift-U
    Grave à
    À
    ` + a
    ` + Shift-A
    è
    È
    ` + e
    ` + Shift-E
    ì
    Ì
    ` + i
    ` + Shift-I
    ò
    Ò
    ` + o
    ` + Shift-O
    ù
    Ù
    ` + u
    ` + Shift-U
    Umlaut ï
    Ï
    " + u
    " + Shift-U

    Portuguese Character Entry

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Acute á
    Á
    ' + a
    ' + Shift-A
    é
    É
    ' + e
    ' + Shift-E
    í
    Í
    ' + i
    ' + Shift-I
    ó
    Ó
    ' + o
    ' + Shift-O
    ú
    Ú
    ' + u
    ' + Shift-U
    Cedilla ç Alt-Gr + , (comma)
    Circumflex â
    Â
    ^ (Shift-6) + a
    ^ (Shift-6) + Shift-A
    ê
    Ê
    ^ (Shift-6) + e
    ^ (Shift-6) + Shift-E
    ô
    Ô
    ^ (Shift-6) + o
    ^ (Shift-6) + Shift-O
    Grave à
    À
    ` + a
    ` + Shift-A
    è
    È
    ` + e
    ` + Shift-E
    ì
    Ì
    ` + i
    ` + Shift-I
    ò
    Ò
    ` + o
    ` + Shift-O
    ù
    Ù
    ` + u
    ` + Shift-U
    Tilde ã
    Ã
    ˜ (Shift+`) + a
    ˜ (Shift+`) + Shift-A
    õ
    Õ
    ˜ (Shift+`) + o
    ˜ (Shift+`) + Shift-O


    Spanish Character Entry

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Acute á
    Á
    ' + a
    ' + Shift-A
    é
    É
    ' + e
    ' + Shift-E
    í
    Í
    ' + i
    ' + Shift-I
    ó
    Ó
    ' + o
    ' + Shift-O
    ú
    Ú
    ' + u
    ' + Shift-U
    Tilde ñ
    ј
    (Shift+`) + n
    ˜ (Shift+`) + Shift-N
    Umlaut ü
    Ü
    " + u
    " + Shift-U
    French/Spanish Quotes «
    »
    Alt-Gr + [
    Alt-Gr + ]
    Inverted Exclamation Mark ¡ Alt-Gr + ! (shift-1)
    Inverted Question Mark ¿ Alt-Gr + /

    Setting up the US International Keyboard

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the [...] next to English (United States).

    5. A sub-menu will appear. Click ... Language Options.

      Windows Settings - Language Options

    6. Under "Keyboards," select the Add a Keyboard button.

    7. Scroll through the keyboard options until you see United States - International and select that keyboard option.

      Windows Settings - Add a Keyboard

    8.  The United States - International keyboard layout should be added to your list of active keyboards.

    9. Close out of the Settings panel.

    10. In the lower right-hand corner of your desktop, you will see “ENG” for your keyboard selection. Click “ENG” and select ENG-INTL for your keyboard.

      Keyboard Menu Selection set to ENG-INTL

    Character Entry using ALT Codes

    Though several programs have unique key mappings, the following code key combinations (known as ALT code entry) should work for any program installed under the Windows platform.

    ANSI Keyboard Layour

    To enter ALT codes, be sure your Number Lock key is pressed for your numeric keypad. Press the ALT key and hold it while typing the number combination on the numeric keypad to the right of the keyboard. 

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Acute á
    Á
    ALT + 0225
    ALT + 0193
    é
    É
    ALT + 0233
    ALT + 0201
    í
    Í
    ALT + 0237
    ALT + 0205
    ó
    Ó
    ALT + 0243
    ALT + 0211
    ú
    Ú
    ALT + 0250
    ALT + 0218
    ý
    Ý
    ALT + 0253
    ALT + 0221
    Ash æ
    Æ
    ALT + 0230
    ALT + 0198
    Caron (Hacheck) š
    Š
    ALT + 0154
    ALT + 0138
    ž
    Ž
    ALT + 0158
    ALT + 0142
    Cedilla ç
    Ç
    ALT + 0231
    ALT + 0199
    Cent ¢ ALT + 0612
    Circumflex â
    Â
    ALT + 0226
    ALT + 0194
    ê
    Ê
    ALT + 0234
    ALT + 0202
    î
    Î
    ALT + 0238
    ALT + 0206
    ô
    Ô
    ALT + 0244
    ALT + 0212
    û
    Û
    ALT + 0251
    ALT + 0219
    Copyright symbol © ALT + 0169
    Currency Symbol (Generic) ¤ ALT + 0164
    Dagger ALT + 0134
    Degree ° ALT + 0176
    Division Sign ÷ ALT + 0247
    Double Dagger ALT + 0135
    Em Dash ALT + 0151
    En Dash ALT + 0150
    Eth ð
    Ð
    ALT + 0240
    ALT + 0208
    Euro ALT + 0128
    Florin ƒ ALT + 0131
    Fraction ¼ ALT + 0188
    ½ ALT + 0189
    ¾ ALT + 0190
    French/Spanish Quotes «
    »
    ALT + 0171
    ALT + 0187

    ALT + 0139
    ALT + 0155
    Grave à
    À
    ALT + 0224
    ALT + 0192
    è
    È
    ALT + 0232
    ALT + 0200
    ì
    Ì
    ALT + 0236
    ALT + 0204
    ò
    Ò
    ALT + 0242
    ALT + 0210
    ù
    Ù
    ALT + 0249
    ALT + 0217
    Inverted Exclamation Mark ¡ ALT + 0161
    Inverted Question Mark ¿ ALT + 0191
    List Dot ALT + 0149
    Micro µ ALT + 0181
    Not symbol ¬ ALT + 0172
    Oethel œ
    Œ
    ALT + 0140
    ALT + 0156
    Ordinal (Feminine) ª ALT + 0170
    Ordinal (Masculine) º ALT + 0186
    Paragraph Symbol (Pilcrow) ALT + 0182
    Per Mille Sign ALT + 0137
    Plus-Minus Sign ± ALT + 0177
    Pound £ ALT + 0163
    Registered Sign ® ALT + 0174
    Ring å
    Å
    ALT + 0229
    ALT + 0197
    Section Symbol § ALT + 0167
    Sharp S ß ALT + 0223
    Slash O ø
    Ø
    ALT + 0248
    ALT + 0216
    Thorn þ
    Þ
    ALT + 0254
    ALT + 0222
    Tilde ã
    Ã
    ALT + 0227
    ALT + 0195
    ñ
    Ñ
    ALT + 0241
    ALT + 0209
    õ
    Õ
    ALT + 0245
    ALT + 0213
    Trademark Sign ALT + 0153
    Umlaut (Diaresis) ä
    Ä
    ALT + 0228
    ALT + 0196
    ë
    Ë
    ALT + 0235
    ALT + 0203
    ï
    Ï
    ALT + 0239
    ALT + 0207
    ö
    Ö
    ALT + 0246
    ALT + 0214
    ü
    Ü
    ALT + 0252
    ALT + 0220
    ÿ
    Ÿ
    ALT + 0255
    ALT + 0159
    Yen ¥ ALT + 0165

    Setting Up the Arabic Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Arabic" and selected the "Arabiic (Jordan) keyboard.

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Although the main keyboard stays the same, you may want to select a specific language region corresponding to the area of the Arab world you will most likely be focusing on. General guidelines are:

      Levantine Arabic - We recommend using the Arabic (Jordan) setting
      Egyptian Arabic - We recommend using the Arabic (Egypt) setting
      Modern Standard Arabic - We recommend using the Arabic (Saudi Arabia) setting

      Windows Settings - Arabic Setup

    6. If there are any special options you want enabled, such as iadding in Touch interfaces, Handwriting interfaces, or Text-to-Speech, enable them in this next step.

      Click the Install button to add the language and options to Windows.

      Install the Arabic Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options. If you want to add a different keyboard from the default selection given or want to modify language settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options

    8. The default keyboard will be the Arabic 101 layout.

      You can also enable or modify different language features in this window, such as enabling a strict final yaa or a strict intial alef hazma by toggling the On-Off switches for each feature.

      Modify Language Options
    9. Close out of the Settings panel.

    10. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray and select the Arabic keyboard to change the language.

      Arabic is enabled when you see the [ع] icon instead of the [ENG] icon in the system tray.

      Change Langauge in Windows Task Bar

     

    Using the Arabic Keyboard in Windows 11

    The standard Arabic keyboard is what most users see in the Middle East and in most Arabic speaking areas.
    Windows Arabic Keyboard layout
    Please note that Windows does not automatically give you Arabic Indic numbers as part of the built-in keyboard. If you need to use Arabic Indic numbers, you will need to install the Arabic Microsoft Language Pack for Microsoft Office and configure it within Microsoft Word to access the numbers.

    Setting Up the Chinese Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Chinese".

      For beginning Chinese Mandarin learners, we recommend that you select the "Chinese (Simplified, China)" keyboard option.

      For advanced Chinese Mandarin learners who are learning traditional characters, we recommend that you select the "Chinese (Traditional, Taiwan)" keyboard option.

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Selecting Chinese Language

    6. If there are any special options you want enabled, such as installaing a Language Pack, adding in Touch interfaces, Handwriting interfaces, or Text-to-Speech, enable them in this next step.

      Click the Install button to add the language and options to Windows.

      Install the Chinese Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options. If you want to add a different keyboard from the default selection given or want to modify language settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options

    8. For the Chinese (Simplified, China) keyboard selection, your default keyboard will be the Microsoft IME layout (Input Method Editor).

      For Chinese students, we recommend using Microsoft Pinyin for character entry.

      Selecting Microsoft Pinyin

    9. If you want to enable advanced settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the lMicrosoft Pinyin bar and select ... Keyboard Options. From there, you can customize several things under the categories of General, Keys, Appearance, Lexicon and Self-Learning, or Advanced.

      Pinyin Advanced Options

    10. When all your settings are customized to your satisfation, close out of the Settings panel.

    11. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray to change the language. The Chinese Microsoft IME icon will have a stylized [拼] icon.

      Change Language in Task Bar

    12. To the left of the IME selection you will see either an [中] icon or a [英] icon. For English letter input, select the [英] mode. For pinyin input, select the [中] mode.

    13. When you right-click on the Microsoft IME [拼] icon, you can select between various options, such as setting character width to half or full, selecting various charater sets, using Emoji, etc. There are also several Windows keyboard shortcuts to speed up character entry as you become more proficient in using the Microsoft IME.

    Here are some general keyboard shortcuts as you work within the Microsoft IME:

    Press this key To do this
    Shift Switch between English and Chinese mode.
    Shift + Space Switch character width between full-width and half-width.
    Ctrl + symbol
    (e.g., Ctrl + comma)
    Insert the corresponding full-width symbol.

    Note: If a symbol corresponds to a shifted key, you need to press Shift before pressing the symbol key. (e.g., Ctrl + Shift + ? to insert “?”)
    Backquote (`) + symbol key (e.g., Backquote + comma)

    Insert the corresponding full-width symbol.

    Note: If a symbol corresponds to a shifted key, you need to press Shift before pressing the symbol key. (e.g., Backquote + Shift + ? to insert “?”) Effective in Chinese mode.

    Ctrl + Alt + comma

    Show the symbol keyboard. You can insert a symbol by continuously pressing a corresponding key.

    Note: Effective in Chinese mode.

    Backquote (`) + U + Unicode + Space

    Insert a corresponding character (e.g., Backquote + U + “4e00” + Space to insert "一").

    Note: Effective in Chinese mode.

    Backquote (`) + B + Big5 codepoint

    Insert a corresponding character (e.g., Backquote + B + “A440” to insert "一").

    Note: Effective in Chinese mode.

    Using Pinyin

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Microsoft IME input source and then select the "" symbol.

    As you begin typing in Chinese Mandarin phonetically, a candidate window appears to give you various options of Mandarin. When you see the candidate you need, press the numberr key corresponding to the candidate and then press the space key to confirm the candidate. Your conversion then appears on the page you are typing in.

    When you type, apostrophes are automatically inserted separating kanji, and the candidate list appears by default. To navigate the candidate list, there are just a few things to remember:

    • To accept the highlighted choice, press Space or click/tap on that choice
    • or type the number next a character, or click/tap on any character in the list
    • To move through the list one-by-one, use the "down arrow" and "up arrow" keys
    • to move through the list page-by-page:
            hover over an end to reveal an arrow button and click there, or
            press the "[" and "]" bracket keys, or
            press the "Page up" and "Page down" keys
    • Click on the smiley face at the far right end of the candidate list or press Ctrl-Shift-B to bring up the list. 

    Setting Up the Greek Polytonic Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Greek".

      We recommend using the main Greek language option.

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Selecting Greek Language

    6. If your selected language provides for it, make sure that “basic typing” is checked, and choose optional add-ons such as Speech and Handwriting.

      Press the Install button to continue.

      Install the Greek Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options.

      Now we need to add a different keyboard from the default selection given. Click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options
    8. To add the Greek Polytonic keyboard instead of the default keyboard, click on your selected Language, and then click the Add a Keyboard button that appears to the right of the installed keyboards setting.

      Select the Greek Polytonic keyboard.

      Selecting Keyboard Options

    9. Since we only want the Greek Polytonic keyboard, we can remove the modern Greek keyboard. Click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the Greek keyboard selection and select ... Remove. The only Greek keyboard left should be the Greek Polytonic keyboard.

      Remove Greek Modern Keyboard

    10. Close out of the Settings panel.

    11. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray to change the language. The Greek Polytonic keyboard icon will have a stylized [ΕΛ] symbol.

      Menu Selection for Keyboard in Task Bar

    Using the Greek Polytonic Keyboard in Windows 11

    The Greek polytonic keyboard is set up very similarly to the QWERTY English keyboard. The notible exception is on the far right-hand side of the keyboard, where several accent and breath mark glyphs can be combined with other letters.

    Greek Keyboard

    GRK Win PC Keyboard Alt-Gr Layout

    For punctuation:

    Punctuation Type This Key Combination Examples
    Question Mark Q + space bar ;
    Half Stop shift + AltGr + ] (right bracket key) ·

    There are three different types of accents in Ancient Greek. The acute, the circumflex, and the grave. Ancient Greek was originally a tonal language - this meant that the pitch of a word made a difference to its meaning. The acute accent used to indicate a higher pitch, the grave a lower pitch, and the circumflex a higher then immediately lower pitch. Later they simply indicated on which syllable the emphasis landed.

    Accent Type This Key Combination Examples
    Acute ; (semicolon) key, then vowel ά  έ  ό
    Grave ] (right bracket) key, then vowel ὰ  ὲ  ὸ
    Circumflex [ (left bracket) key, then vowel ᾶ  ῖ  ῦ
    Macron - (dash) key, then vowel ā  ī  ō

    Every Greek word that begins with a vowel (α,ε,η,ι,ο,υ, and ω) will have something called a breathing mark. These look like apostrophes and can be either rough or smooth.

    Rough Breathings

    If the breathing is rough then it is an apostrophe curved in the opposite direction (ἑ,ἁ,ἡ, etc...) If a breathing is rough then the word is pronounced as if there were an /h/ in front of it.

    Smooth Breathings

    If the breathing mark is smooth (ἀ,ἐ,ὀ, etc...) then it is shaped exactly like an apostrophe and comes either slightly before the vowel or directly above. Smooth breathing marks simply mean there is no /h/ pronounciation.

    Exception

    The only consonant that takes a breathing mark is the letter rho (ρ). If rho is the first letter of a word then it always has a rough breathing mark.

    Breath Mark Type This Key Combination Examples
    Smooth Breath  ‘ (apostrophe) key, then vowel ἀ  ἐ  ὀ
    Smooth Breath + Acute  / (slash) key, then vowel ἄ  ἔ  ὄ
    Smooth Breath + Grave  \ (backslash) key, then vowel ἂ  ἒ  ὂ
    Smooth Breath + Circumflex = (equal sign) key, then vowel ἆ  ἶ  ὖ
    Rough Breath Shift + ‘ (apostrophe) key, then vowel ἁ  ἑ  ὁ
    Rough Breath + Acute Shift + / (slash) key, then vowel ἅ  ἔ  ὅ
    Rough Breath + Grave Shift + \ (backslash) key, then vowel ἃ  ἓ  ὃ
    Rough Breath + Circumflex Shift + = (equal sign) key, then vowel ἇ  ἷ  ὗ
    Rough Breath + Rho Shift + ‘ (apostrophe) key, then  r

    An iota subscript is an iota written under either α, η, or ω, and helps to identify the function of the word, often signalling the dative case. The iota subscript is not pronounced, but simply helps to identify the word's function. When a Greek word with an iota subscript is written in capitals, the iota is promoted to the main line, following its vowel.

    Type This Key Combination Examples
    Iota Subscript Shift + [ (left bracket Key), then vowel ᾳ  ῃ  ῳ
    Iota Subscript + acute AltGr + Q, then vowel ᾴ  ῄ  ῴ
    Iota Subscript + grave AltGr + ] (right bracket) key, then vowel ᾲ ῂ  ῲ
    Iota Subscript + circumflex AltGr + [ (left bracket) key, then vowel ᾷ  ῇ  ῷ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath AltGr + ‘ (apostrophe) key, then vowel ᾀ  ᾐ  ᾠ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + acute AltGr + / (slash) key, then vowel ᾄ  ᾔ  ᾤ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + grave AltGr + \ (backslash) key, then vowel ᾂ  ᾒ  ᾢ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + circumflex AltGr + = (equal sign) key, then vowel ᾆ  ᾖ  ᾦ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath AltGr + Shift + ‘ (apostrophe) key, then vowel ᾁ  ᾑ  ᾡ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + acute AltGr + Shift + / (slash) key, then vowel ᾅ  ᾕ  ᾥ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + grave AltGr + Shift + \ (backslash) key, then vowel ᾃ  ᾓ  ᾣ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + circumflex AltGr + Shift + = (equal sign) key, then vowel ᾇ  ᾗ  ᾧ

    Setting Up the Japanese Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Japanese" and selected the main "Japanese" keyboard.

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Selecting Japanese  Language

    6. If your selected language provides for it, make sure that “basic typing” is checked, and choose optional add-ons such as Speech and Handwriting.

      Press the Install button to continue.

      Install the Japanese Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options. If you want to add a different keyboard from the default selection given or want to modify language settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options

    8. For the Japanese keyboard selection, your default keyboard will be the Microsoft IME layout (Input Method Editor).

      If you want to enable advanced settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the lMicrosoft IME bar and select ... Keyboard Options

      Selcting Keyboard Options

    9. From there, you can customize several things under the categories of General, Keys, Appearance, Lexicon and Self-Learning, or Advanced.

      Advanced Options

    10. When all your settings are customized to your satisfation, close out of the Settings panel.

    11. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray to change the language. The Japanese IME icon will have a stylized "'J" within a circle.

      Change Language in Task Bar

    12. To the left of the IME selection you will see a roman letter [A] or the hiragana [あ] symbol. When the [A] symbol is selected, you can type in Romaji. When the [あ] symbol is selected, you can type in kana. 

    13. When you click on the Microsoft IME icon, you can select between various input methods, such as Hiragana, Katakana, Half-Width, Romaji, etc. There are also several Windows keyboard shortcuts to speed up character entry as you become more proficient in using the Microsoft IME.

    Here are some general keyboard shortcuts as you work within the Microsoft IME:

    Press this key To do this
    Alt + Backquote (`) Turn on / off Japanese input.
    Ctrl + Caps lock Equivalent to Hiragana key on a Japanese keyboard (106/109 key).
    Alt + Caps lock Equivalent to Shift + Hiragana key on a Japanese keyboard (106/109 key).
    Shift + Caps lock Equivalent to Eisu key on a Japanese keyboard (106/109 key).
    Ctrl + Delete Remove the selected candidate from the prediction candidate window.
    Ctrl + B Search the selected candidate in the prediction candidate window.
    Tab Expand / collapse the table view in the conversion candidate window.
    Windows logo key + period (.) Open Emoji picker.
    Ctrl + Shift + F10 Turn on / off IME private mode.
    F6 Convert input string to Hiragana.
    F7 Convert input string to Full-width Katakana.
    F8 Convert input string to Half-width Katakana.
    F9 Convert input string to Full-width Alphanumeric.
    F10 Convert input string to Half-width Alphanumeric.

    Using the Romaji Input Mode

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Microsoft IME input source and then select the [] symbol.

    Right-Click on the "あ" symbol and select "Hiragana" or "Katakana" and turn Kana Input to "OFF"

    The Romaji typing method is useful when you’re not using a Japanese keyboard; text you type is automatically converted to hiragana.

    You use a regular U. S. keyboard and type out hiragana or katakana phonetically.

    For example, to type こんにちわ, you would type you K O N N I C H I W A. As you type, the roman letters will be automatically converted to hiragana, so that K O become こ in the candidate window, N N become ん, I C H I becomes 日 (then you scroll down to find にち in the candidate window), and then finally W A becomes わ.

    Another example would be ようこそ, where you type Y O O K O S O and the candidate window will present you with various cominations of hiragana and/or katakana and/or kanji until you find the correct candiate combination.

    Using the Kana Input Mode

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Microsoft IME input source and then select the [] symbol.

    Right-Click on the "あ" symbol and select "Hiragana" or "Katakana" and turn Kana Input to "ON"

    Typing in Kana will be like typing on a Japanese native keyboard or on a computer used in Japan.

    Hiragana Layout

    Japanese Windows Hiragana Key Layout


    Katakana Layout

    Japanese Windows Katakana Key Layout

    Setting Up the Korean Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Korean".

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Selecting Korean Language

    6. If your selected language provides for it, make sure that “basic typing” is checked, and choose optional add-ons such as Speech and Handwriting.

      Press the Install button to continue.

      Install the Korean Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options. If you want to add a different keyboard from the default selection given or want to modify language settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options

    8. For the Korean keyboard selection, your default keyboard will be the Microsoft IME layout (Input Method Editor).

      If you want to enable advanced settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the lMicrosoft IME bar and select ... Keyboard Options

      Selecting Keyboard Options

    9. From there, you can customize several things under the categories of General, Keys, Appearance, Lexicon and Self-Learning, or Advanced.

      Advanced Options

    10. When all your settings are customized to your satisfation, close out of the Settings panel.

    11. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray to change the language. The Korean Microsoft IME icon will have a stylized [한] symbol.

      Menu Selection for Keyboard in Task Bar

    12. To the left of the IME selection you will see either a [A] symbol or a [가] symbol. For English letter input, select the [A] mode. For the standard Korean 2-set input, select the [가] mode.

    13. When you right-click on the Microsoft IME [한] icon, you can select between various options, such as setting character width to half or full, selecting Hanja conversion, etc.

      For faster switching between Korean and English, you can simply press the Right-Alt (Alt-Gr) Key on the keyboard.

      For typing 한자 (Chinese Characters), type the 한글 version of the word, and press the Right Ctrl Key on Keyboard to convert it to Hanja. As you press the Ctrl button, it will show you options in case there are other versions of 한자 characters for words.

    Using the Korean Microsoft IME

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Microsoft IME input source and then select the "" symbol. As you begin typing in Korean, a candidate window appears to give you various options. 

    The Korean 2-set keyboard layout is designed so that consonants will be on the left side of the keyboard and vowels will be on the right side.

    Korean Keyboard Layout

    Setting Up the Russian Keyboard

    Windows Regional and Language Options control several options on your computer that may vary by regions. You can edit documents in multiple languages by changing the language (the input language) in which you type. Input languages are included with Windows, but you need to add them to your list of languages before you can use them.

    Important Note: Whenever changing languages, be sure you have "English (United States)" selected as your default Windows Display Language. If not, your Windows system will render in the language you defaulted to or the language that is at the top of your selection list.

    1. Click the Start menu and select Settings.

      Windows - Start and Settings

    2. Select the Time and Language tab on the left-hand side of the settiings window.

    3. Click on Language & Region bar.

      Windows Settings - Language and Region

    4. Under the "Language" section, under the "Preferred Languages" setting, click the "Add a Language" button.

      Add a language button

    5. In the search bar at the top of the “Choose a Language to Install” menu option, type in your language and select the main keyboard for that language. In this example, we typed in "Russian". 

      We recommend that you use the main Russian keyboard.

      Press the Next button to continue.

      Selecting Russian Language

    6. If your selected language provides for it, make sure that “basic typing” is checked, and choose optional add-ons such as Speech and Handwriting.

      Press the Install button to continue.

      Install the Russian Language

    7. Once the language is installed successfully, the Language window will display both English and your selected Language options. If you want to add a different keyboard from the default selection given or want to modify language settings, click the [...] icon in the right-hand end of the language bar and select ... Language Options.

      Language Options

    8. Your default keyboard will be the Russian PC keyboard (ЙЦУКЕН) layout.

    9. To add a phontic keyboard instead of the default keyboard, click on the your selected Language, and then click the Add a Keyboard button that appears to the right of the installed keyboards setting.

      For Russian students, we recommend that you select the "Russian - Mnemonic" keyboard, which will give you a phonetic keyboard layout.

      Selecting Keyboard Options

    10. Close out of the Settings panel.

    11. In the lower right-hand corner of your Windows desktop, you should see a language option entitled ENG. This means you have English set for your keyboard. Click the ENG button on your system tray to change the language. The Russian keyboard icon will have a stylized [РУС] symbol.

      Menu Selection for Keyboard in Task Bar

    Using the Russian Keyboard in Windows 11

    Standard Russian Keyboard

    The standard Russian keyboard is what most Russian users see in the Russian Federation and in most Russian speaking areas.

    Standard Windows Russian Keyboard Layout

    Russian Mnemonic Keyboard

    Using the Russian mnemonic keyboard is pretty straight foward. Keys are mapped as phonetically as possible:

    Russian Mnemonic Keyboard Layout

    There are four "dead" keys on the Russian mnemonic keyboard which lead to other Russian letters when pressed in combination. These combinations are:
    Key Combination Character Key Combination Character
    y + Space Bar ы Shift + Y + Space Bar Ы
    j + Space й Shift + J + Space Bar Й
    y or j + e э Shift + Y or J + E Э
    y or j + o ё Shift + Y or J + O Ё
    y or j + u ю Shift + Y or J + U Ю
    s + Space Bar с Shift + S + Space Bar С
    s + c щ Shift + S + C Щ
    c + Space Bar ц Shift + C + Space Bar Ц
    c + h ч Shift + C + H Ч
    Typing these key combinations will become easier over time, and eventually will be intuitive, as they follow a phonetic sequence as well. For example, as you type "SC" and get Щ or "JO" and get a Ё, the combinations become intuitive.

    Macintosh OS 13.x (Ventura)

    Character Entry using the US Extended Keyboard

    Method One

    The following key combinations are the most common for the Macintosh system using the US EXTENDED KEYBOARD.

    First, certain keys become "prefix" or "dead" keys. It's similar to how accent marks are typed on mechanical typewriters. When pressing the Option key (or Option+Shift keys) and then the letter of the accent mark you wish to make, you will see the accent mark appear first with a colored space around the accent.

    Apple Keyboard Layout When followed by a letter that can take an accent mark, this sequence creates the accented characters. Examples: á, ü, è, ô, ñ.

     Second, other keys will work by simply pressing Option (or Option+Shift) and then the key.

    Apple Keyboard Layout with Option Key pressed In the table below, if a combination has a plus sign (+), hold both keys simultaneously. If a comma (,) separates the key combination, release the keys you are holding and press the next set of keys.

    DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE KEY COMBINATION
    Acute é
    É
    OPTION + E,  letter
    OPTION + E, SHIFT + letter
    Acute Double ő
    Ő
    OPTION + J, letter
    OPTION + J, SHIFT + letter
    Arch (Inverted Breve) ȇ
    Ȇ
    OPTION + SHIFT + S, letter
    OPTION + SHIFT + S, SHIFT + letter
    Ash æ
    Æ
    OPTION + ‘
    OPTION + SHIFT+ ‘
    Breve ĕ
    Ĕ
    OPTION + B, letter
    OPTION + B, SHIFT + letter
    Bullet OPTION + 8
    Caron (Hacheck) ě
    Ě
    OPTION + V, letter
    OPTION + V, SHIFT + letter
    Cedilla ç
    Ç
    OPTION + C, letter
    OPTION + C, SHIFT + letter
    Cent ¢ OPTION + 4
    Circumflex ê
    Ê
    OPTION + 6, letter
    OPTION + 6, SHIFT + letter
    Circumflex Below
    OPTION + SHIFT + G, letter
    OPTION + SHIFT + G, SHIFT + letter
    Comma ș
    Ș
    OPTION + P, letter
    OPTION + P, SHIFT + letter
    Copyright Sign © OPTION + G
    Dagger OPTION + SHIFT + 5
    Dagger Double OPTION + SHIFT + 7
    Degree ° OPTION + SHIFT + 8
    Division Sign ÷ OPTION + /
    Dot ė
    Ė
    OPTION + W, letter
    OPTION + W, SHIFT + letter
    Dot Below
    OPTION + X, letter
    OPTION + X, SHIFT + letter
    Elipsis OPTION + ;
    Eth ð
    Ð
    OPTION + D
    OPTION + SHIFT + D
    Em Dash OPTION + -
    En Dash OPTION + SHIFT + -
    Euro OPTION + SHIFT + 2
    Florin ƒ OPTION + F
    French/Spanish Quote «
    »
    OPTION + \
    OPTION + SHIFT + \
    Grave è
    È
    OPTION + `, letter
    OPTION + `, SHIFT + letter
    Grave Double ȅ
    Ȅ
    OPTION + SHIFT + Y, letter
    OPTION + SHIFT + Y, SHIFT + letter
    Greater Than Or Equal To Sign OPTION + >
    Hook
    OPTION + Z, letter
    OPTION + Z, SHIFT + letter
    Hook Below ȥ
    Ȥ
    OPTION + SHIFT + ., letter
    OPTION + SHIFT + ., SHIFT + letter
    Horn ơ
    Ơ
    OPTION + I, letter
    OPTION + I, SHIFT + letter
    Inverted Exclamation Mark ¡ OPTION + 1
    Inverted Question Mark ¿ OPTION + SHIFT + /
    Less Than Or Equal To Sign OPTION + <
    Line Below
    OPTION + H, letter
    OPTION + H, SHIFT + letter
    Macron ē
    Ē
    OPTION + A, letter
    OPTION + A, SHIFT + letter
    Not Equal To Sign OPTION + =
    Oethel œ
    Œ
    OPTION + q
    OPTION + SHIFT + q
    Ogonek ę
    Ę
    OPTION + M, letter
    OPTION + M, SHIFT + letter
    Ordinal (Masculine) º OPTION + 0
    Ordinal (Feminine) ª OPTION + 9
    Paragraph Sign OPTION + 7
    Per Mille Sign OPTION + SHIFT + R
    Plus-Minus Sign ± OPTION + SHIFT + =
    Pound £ OPTION + 3
    Registered Sign ® OPTION + R
    Ring å
    Å
    OPTION + K, letter
    OPTION + K, SHIFT + letter
    Section Sign § OPTION + 5
    Sharp S ß OPTION + S
    Stroke O ø
    Ø
    OPTION + O
    OPTION + SHIFT + O
    Stroke or Bar ƶ
    Ƶ
    OPTION + L, letter
    OPTION + L, SHIFT + letter
    Thorn þ
    Þ
    OPTION+ T
    OPTION + SHIFT + T
    Tilde ñ
    Ñ
    OPTION + N, letter
    OPTION + N, SHIFT + letter
    Tilde Below
    OPTION + SHIFT + F, letter
    OPTION + SHIFT + F, SHIFT + letter
    Trademark Sign OPTION + 2
    Umlaut (Diaresis) ë
    Ë
    OPTION + U, letter
    OPTION + U, SHIFT + letter
    Yen ¥ OPTION + Y

    Method Two

    These codes add accents to ANY Letter via Unicode. As a result, there may be unusual display issues with certain fonts or certain letters (e.g. capital letters).

    To use these codes first type the letter, then type the code.

    DESCRIPTION KEY COMBINATION
    Combining Acute letter, OPTION + SHIFT + E
    Combining Acute Double letter, OPTION + SHIFT + J
    Combining Breve letter, OPTION + SHIFT + B
    Combing Caron (Hachek) letter, OPTION + SHIFT + V
    Combining Cedilla letter, OPTION + SHIFT + C
    Combining Circumflex letter, OPTION + SHIFT + 6
    Combining Comma letter, OPTION + SHIFT + P
    Combining Dot Above letter, OPTION + SHIFT + W
    Combining Dot Below letter, OPTION + SHIFT + X
    Combining Grave letter, OPTION + SHIFT + `
    Combining Horn letter, OPTION + SHIFT + I
    Combining Macron letter, OPTION + SHIFT + A
    Combining Macron Below letter, OPTION + SHIFT + H
    Combining Ogonek letter, OPTION + SHIFT + M
    Combining Ring letter, OPTION + SHIFT + K
    Combining Stroke letter, OPTION + SHIFT + L
    Combining Tilde letter, OPTION + SHIFT + N
    Combining Umlaut (Diaresis) letter, OPTION + SHIFT + U

    Method Three

    Fonts often contain many characters that don’t appear on the Apple keyboard. These characters include accented characters, math symbols, and special punctuation symbols. On some applications (Microsoft Word, for example), one simple way to access these characters is to press and hold the base character key for a second or so and you will see a popup menu with the extended character options. This works for all extended characters based on A, C, E, I, L, N, O, S, U, Y, and Z.

    Setting up the US Extended Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see English in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the ABC - Extended option for English

      Mac Keyboard - Select English Language Options
    9. Click the Add button.

    10. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    11. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the ABC - Extended keyboard.

      Apple Menu - Keyboard Selection

    12. Your text input option should have turned to an [A] icon. You now have the US Extended keyboard enabled and can begin typing latin characters using unified diacritical input settings.

    Setting Up the Arabic Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see Arabic in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the "Arabic - QWERTY" or "Arabic - PC" option.

      Mac Keyboard - Arabic Selection
    9. Click the Add button.

    10. Once you select either the "Arabic - QWERTY" or "Arabic - PC" option, you can choose to select either natural selection of Arabic as you type. You can also enable some keyboard shortcuts to enable faster input of Arabic, especially if you are switching between Arabic and another language often.

      Mac Keyboard - Arabic Settings

    11. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    12. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the ABC - Extended keyboard.

      Menu Selection - Arabic Keyboard

    13. Your text input option should have turned to an [ع] icon. You now have an Arabic keyboard enabled and can begin typing.

    Using the Arabic Keyboard

    QWERTY Layout Option:
    The basic layout of the Arabic-QWERTY keyboard maps most of the Arabic glyphs phonetically to their U. S. letter counterparts.
    Arabic Base Keyboard Layout
    By pressing the Option key or Shift-Option key combination, more glyphs and other useful characters become available.
    Arabic Option Keyboard Layout
     
    PC Layout Option:
    The basic layout of the Arabic-PC keyboard maps most of the Arabic glyphs as you would find on a computer in the Middle East or in most of the Arab speaking world.
    Arabic PC Base Layout
    By pressing the Option key or Shift-Option key combination, more glyphs and other useful characters become available.
    Arabic PC Keyboard Option Layout

    Setting Up the Chinese Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see Chinese, Simplified in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

      If you are an advanced learner of Chinese and are using traditional characters, then you will want to select Chinese, Traditional as your language option. For these instructions, however, we will focus on the Chinese, Simplified layout and settings.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the "Pinyin - Simplified" option.

      2023m04chi.png

    9. Click the Add button.

    10. Once you have selected your keyboard layout preference, you will see a list of options in the right-hand pane.

      In this window, you can customized how big you want your candidate window to be and whether you would like to see horizontal or vertiical formats, shor predictive completions of kanji, and select regional dialect influcences. 

      Mac Keyboard - Chinese Settings

    11. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    12. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the Pinyin - Simplified keyboard.

      Menu Selection - Chinese Keyboard

    13. Your text input option should have turned to an [拼] icon. You now have the Chinese Simplified Pinyin keyboard enabled and can begin typing in Chinese. Along with the various input methods shown, additional options will be directly available to select should you need to change customizations.

    Using Pinyin

    As you begin typing in Chinese Mandarin phonetically, a candidate window appears to give you various options of Mandarin. When you see the candidate you need, press the number key corresponding to the candidate and then press the space key to confirm the candidate. Your conversion then appears on the page you are typing in.

    Enter Chinese characters using Pinyin - Simplified

    On your Mac, switch to the Pinyin - Simplified input source.

    In an app, do any of the following:

    • Enter Pinyin: Type the input codes for the characters you want to use, then select the characters in the Candidate window. For example, to enter , type “ping”, then select in the window.
    • Enter Full Pinyin (Quanpin): Type the input codes for the characters you want to use, then select the characters in the Candidate window. For example, to enter 西安, type “xi’an”, then select 西安 in the window.

      Use an apostrophe to separate syllables that have ambiguous parsings. Full Pinyin has modifications that make typing more convenient; for example, “v” is used to replace “ü” (so to enter 绿, you would type “lv”).
    • Enter Abbreviated Pinyin (Jianpin): Type the consonant of each syllable in an input code, then select characters in the Candidate window. For example, to enter 计算机, type “jsj” (the input code is “jisuanji”).

      You can use both full and abbreviated Pinyin in the same conversion. For example, if you type “pingguogs” with “gongsi” abbreviated to “gs”, the result is still “苹果公司”.
    • Enter Structural Pinyin (Chaizi): Type a Chaizi input code with two or more syllables, then press Shift-Space bar. For example, type “jiji”, then press Shift-Space bar. The Candidate window opens, and the first candidates shown in the Composition pane are , , and .

      With structural Pinyin, each syllable of the input sequence is treated as the Pinyin for one of the components in the character (in order from left to right and top to bottom).
    • Show the keyboard layout: Click the Input menu in the menu bar, then choose Show Keyboard Viewer.
    Enter Chinese characters using Stroke with Pinyin - Simplified

    On your Mac, switch to the Pinyin - Simplified input source.

    In an app, use a prefix key (u), followed (without a space) by the stroke input code for a character. For example, you can type the following:

    Stroke Within Pinyin Keyboard Key
    H
    S
    丿 P
    () N
    () Z
    *wildcard X

    If you type “unnzzsh”, you get as the first candidate.

    You can also add words to your user dictionary to save time when you need to type the same word again.

    For example, you may need to change preferences to show predictive completions, enable regional dialect support, or change the orientation of the Candidate window.

    Setting up the Greek Polytonic Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see Greek in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the Greek - Polytonic option for Ancient Greek.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Greek
    9. Click the Add button.

    10. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    11. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the Greek Polytonic.

      Apple Menu - Keyboard Selection

    12. Your text input option should have turned to an [λ] icon. You now have the Greek Polytonic keyboard enabled and can begin typing Ancient Greek.

    Using the Greek Polytonic Keyboard

    The Greek polytonic keyboard is set up very similarly to the QWERTY English keyboard. The notible exception is on the far right-hand side of the keyboard, where several accent and breath mark glyphs can be combined with other letters.

    Greek Keyboard

    By pressing the Option key or Shift-Option key combination, more Greek characters and other useful characters for Ancient Greek become available.

    Greek Keyboard Option Menu

    There are three different types of accents in Ancient Greek. The acute, the circumflex, and the grave. Ancient Greek was originally a tonal language - this meant that the pitch of a word made a difference to its meaning. The acute accent used to indicate a higher pitch, the grave a lower pitch, and the circumflex a higher then immediately lower pitch. Later they simply indicated on which syllable the emphasis landed.

    Accent Type This Key Combination Examples
    Acute ; (semicolon) + vowel ά  έ  ό
    Grave ] (right bracket) + vowel ὰ  ὲ  ὸ
    Circumflex [ (left bracket) + vowel ᾶ  ῖ  ῦ

    Every Greek word that begins with a vowel (α,ε,η,ι,ο,υ, and ω) will have something called a breathing mark. These look like apostrophes and can be either rough or smooth.

    Rough Breathings

    If the breathing is rough then it is an apostrophe curved in the opposite direction (ἑ,ἁ,ἡ, etc...) If a breathing is rough then the word is pronounced as if there were an /h/ in front of it.

    Smooth Breathings

    If the breathing mark is smooth (ἀ,ἐ,ὀ, etc...) then it is shaped exactly like an apostrophe and comes either slightly before the vowel or directly above. Smooth breathing marks simply mean there is no /h/ pronounciation.

    Exception

    The only consonant that takes a breathing mark is the letter rho (ρ). If rho is the first letter of a word then it always has a rough breathing mark.

    Breath Mark Type This Key Combination Examples
    Smooth Breath ' (apostrophe) + vowel ἀ  ἐ  ὀ
    Smooth Breath + Acute / (slash) + vowel ἄ  ἔ  ὄ
    Smooth Breath + Grave = (equal sign) + vowel ἂ  ἒ  ὂ
    Smooth Breath + Circumflex - (dash) + vowel ἆ  ἶ  ὖ
    Rough Breath " (quote) + vowel ἁ  ἑ  ὁ
    Rough Breath + Acute ? (question mark) + vowel ἅ  ἔ  ὅ
    Rough Breath + Grave + (plus sign) + vowel  ἃ  ἓ  ὃ
    Rough Breath + Circumflex _ (underscore) + vowel ἇ  ἷ  ὗ
    Rough Breath + Rho " (quote) + r

    An iota subscript is an iota written under either α, η, or ω, and helps to identify the function of the word, often signalling the dative case. The iota subscript is not pronounced, but simply helps to identify the word's function. When a Greek word with an iota subscript is written in capitals, the iota is promoted to the main line, following its vowel.

    Type This Key Combination Examples
    Iota Subscript { (left brace) + vowel ᾳ  ῃ  ῳ
    Iota Subscript + acute ; (semicolon) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾴ  ῄ  ῴ
    Iota Subscript + grave ] (right bracket) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾲ ῂ  ῲ
    Iota Subscript + circumflex [ (left bracket) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾷ  ῇ  ῷ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath ' (apostrophe) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾀ  ᾐ  ᾠ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + acute / (slash) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾄ  ᾔ  ᾤ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + grave = (equal sign) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾂ  ᾒ  ᾢ
    Iota Subscript + Smooth Breath + circumflex - (dash) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾆ  ᾖ  ᾦ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath " (quote) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾁ  ᾑ  ᾡ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + acute ? (question mark) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾅ  ᾕ  ᾥ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + grave + (plus sign) + { (left brace) + vowel  ᾃ  ᾓ  ᾣ
    Iota Subscript + Rough Breath + circumflex _ (underscore) + { (left brace) + vowel ᾇ  ᾗ  ᾧ

     

    Setting Up the Japanese Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see Japanese in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the Japanese - Kana option.

      Mac Keyboard - Japanese
    9. Click the Add button.

    10.  Once you have selected your keyboard layout preference, you will see a long list of options in the right-hand pane.

      Hiragana will be selected by default as an input mode. Select Katakana as well, and if you need to enter in spaced Roman letters alongside Hiragana or Katakana, select Full-Width Romaji as well.

      You can select how you want the Caps Lock key to function, for example as a quick and convenient way to switch between English letters and Hiragana/Katakana.

      Mac Keyboard - Japanese Settings

      Continuing down to the next set of options:

      Live Conversion automatically converts hiragana characters into relevant Japanese text, including kanji, as you type. This eliminates the need to press the Space bar for individual word conversions. if you uncheck Live Converrsion, you will be using traditional conversion, wherre you type the text in hiragana, then convert it to kanji.

      Correct spelling will automatically correct Japanese spelling errors or suggest candidates as you type.

      Predictive candidates will have the Candidate window predict the most likely candidates for completing text as you type, based on what you previously typed and selected.


      Romaji Layout allows you to set the keyboard layout to use for the Romaji typing method (QWERTY, AZERTY, Russian, English, etc).  By default, the typing method uses the most recent keyboard layout you used; if you want to always use a specific layout, set it here.

      If you use a JIS keyboard, set whether you enter a slash (/) or a middle dot (・) when you press the Slash key.

      If you use a JIS keyboard, set whether you enter a backslash (\) or a Yen sign (¥) when you press the Yen key.


    11. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    12. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the Hiragana or Katakana keyboard.

      Menu Option - Japanese Keyboard

    13. Your text input option should have turned to an [あ] icon for Hiragana or an [ア] icon for Katakana. You now have the Japanese Hiragana or Katakana enabled and can begin typing Japanese.

    Using the Romaji Input Mode

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Japanese - Romaji input source and then select Hiragana, or if you are using both input sources, select Hiragana - Romaji.

    The Romaji typing method is useful when you’re not using a Japanese keyboard; text you type is automatically converted to hiragana.

    You use a regular U. S. keyboard and type out hiragana or katakana phonetically

    For example, to type こんにちわ, you would type K O N N I C H I W A. As you type, the roman letters will be automatically converted to hiragana, so that K O become こ in the candidate window, N N become ん, I C H I becomes 日 (then you scroll down to find にち in the candidate window), and then finally W A becomes わ.

    Another example would be ようこそ, where you type Y O O K O S O and the candidate window will present you with various cominations of hiragana and/or katakana and/or kanji until you find the correct candiate combination.

    Using the Kana Input Mode

    Typing in Kana will be like typing on a Japanese native keyboard or on a computer used in Japan.

    Hiragana Layout

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Hiragana input source.

    Japanese Kana Hiragana Keyboard Layout

    Katakana Layout

    For this input mode, you will want to select the Katakana input source.

    Japanese Kana katakana Keyboard Layout

    Setting Up the Korean Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the Apple Menu in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.

    2. Select System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings

    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the Keyboard menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option

    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.

    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input

    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the + button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English

    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see Korean in the left-hand menu panel and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the 2-Set Korean option.

      Mac Keyboard - Korean
    9. Click the Add button.

    10. Once you have selected your keyboard layout preference, you will see a list of options in the right-hand pane. In this window, you can customized how big you want your Korean input to be, how to handle Hanja (Chinese characters in Korean contexts, etc.

      Mac Keyboard - Korean Settings

    11. Go ahead and close the System Setting panels once you have selected your language keyboard.

    12. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the Text Input menu option to select the 2-Set Korean keyboard.

      Menu Option - Korean Keyboard

    13. Your text input option should have turned to an [한] icon. You now have the Korean keyboard enabled and can begin typing Korean.
    Note: for detailed explanations of each option, click the Help submenu item and an Apple Help window will appear to give you assistance.

    In an app on your Mac, do any of the following to choose one of the Korean input sources.

    Use the Input menu: Click the Input menu in the menu bar, then choose a Korean input source. If an input source is dimmed, the current app doesn’t support it.

    You can also press Option-Control-Space bar to select the next input source in the Input menu, or Control-Space bar to select the previous input source.

    Use the Caps Lock key: If you set an option in Input Sources preferences to use the Caps Lock key to change input sources, press the key to switch between a non-Latin input source (such as Korean) and a Latin input source (such as English).

    Typing in Korean

    The Korean 2-set keyboard layout is designed so that consonants will be on the left side of the keyboard and vowels will be on the right side.

    Korean Macintosh Keyboard Layout

    If you type Hangul in a search field, the results show possible matches for you to choose from, even if you enter just one character.

    You can use the Keyboard Viewer to see which keys correspond to the Korean input source you’re using. To see the Keyboard Viewer, click the Input menu, then choose Show Keyboard Viewer.

    If your Mac has a Touch Bar, it can show words or phrases you might want to use next (called typing suggestions), to help you save time.

    Setting Up the Russian Keyboard

    1. Open the System Preferences Panel by clicking on the   Apple Menu  in the upper-left-hand corner of your screen.
    2. Select   System Settings.

      Mac Keyboard - Select System Settings
    3. Scroll down through the settings option and click the   Keyboard  menu option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Keyboard Option
    4. Scroll through all the keyboard options until you come to Text Input.
    5. Under the Input Sources setting, click the Edit... button.

      Mac Keyboard - Select Input
    6. In the lower-left-hand corner of the panel, click the   +  button to add a language keyboard.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English
    7. In the list of languages presented, scroll down until you see  Russian   in the left-hand menu panel  and click on the English option.

    8. In the right-hand menu panel, select the Russian - QWERTY or the Russian - PC option.

      Mac Keyboard - Select English Language Options
    9. Click the Add button.
    10. Go ahead and   close the System Setting panels  once you have selected your language keyboard.
    11. In the upper-right-hand portion of your screen, you will see that some language selection options have appeared. Click on the   Text Input menu option to select a Russian keyboard.

      Apple Menu - Keyboard Selection
    12. Your text input option should have turned to an [Ру] icon. You now have a Russian keyboard enabled and can begin typing in Cyrillic.

    Using the Russian Keyboard


    QWERTY Layout

    The basic layout of the Russian-QWERTY keyboard maps most of the Cyrillic letters phonetically to their U. S. letter counterparts.


    By pressing the Option key or Shift-Option key combination, more Cyrillic characters and other useful characters become available.

    PC Layout

    The basic layout of the Russian-PC keyboard maps most of the Cyrillic letters as you would find on a computer in the Russian Federation or in most of the Russian speaking world.

    Russian PC Base Layout

    By pressing the Option key or Shift-Option key combination, more Cyrillic characters and other useful characters become available.

    Contact the ILRC

    Irvin Hall South Entrance

    Interactive Language Resource Center

    Irvin Hall 60
    400 East Spring Street
    Oxford, OH 45056-3645
    United States
    (513) 529-4505
    ilrc@MiamiOH.edu

     

    Daniel E. Meyers, M.A., Director

    Irvin Hall 47
    (513) 529-2510
    m
    eyersde@MiamiOH.edu