Diagram
A diagram is a learning representation that can be used to help remember component parts of a whole. Visualizing and labeling will help our brain transfer information from short term to long term memory.
The information professors communicate during lectures is extremely important. If a professor is willing to devote time in class to a specific topic, he/she must believe that it is important for you to know and understand. Furthermore, their explanation is probably more understandable and comprehensive than the book. Therefore, it is important to develop a system to record their explanations.
A frequently used method for taking notes is the Cornell Style of Note Taking. This method was developed to help students logically organize, understand, and study course material.
By dividing a loose-leaf page of notebook paper into sections, you can create three distinct areas for note-taking, with the left side of the page designated for clues and questions, the right side of the page designated for note-taking, and the bottom of the page designated for summaries.
At the top of the page include lecture title, course, professor, and date. During the lecture record important information in the note-taking area. Take notes in any format (outlining, informal indenting, or short paragraphs), leaving the clues and questions area blank. Include diagrams, illustrations, and questions and answers provided by the instructor.
Review, add, and organize your notes after class. The review will increase your understanding of the material. Fill in incomplete information, re-write illegible words, number information, and underline important words. In between main ideas fill in additional information from the book not covered in lecture.
Using the clues and questions area, develop and write study questions and clues to help you remember the information. These questions and clues will aid in preparing and studying for an exam. While studying some students cover up the lecture notes to see whether or not they can recall the important parts of the lecture by answering the formulated questions.
At Miami, we encourage students to create summaries at the end of each section of lecture notes. The summary should include the main components of the lecture and should be brief and objective.
Another method of note-taking is to divide a page of notebook paper into three columns. In the far left column, write down all general ideas from the lecture. In the middle column explain the idea in greater detail and in the right column record specific facts or examples. This method is called the University of Alberta System but is used by students throughout Miami University.
Two additional note-taking methods are the Two-Column approach and the Outline format. In the Two-Column approach, simply divide your paper into two columns. The left-hand column should be used to write down general lecture notes, while the right-hand column should be used to designate ideas or problems you do not understand. Some students like to include a list of unknown vocabulary words at the bottom. The Outline format separates our notes into six distinct sections: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Though you may not be able to answer all of these questions for each idea, the outline method encourages you to think about all aspects of each topic.
Many students forget to take notes from their textbooks or readings. By leaving them out, students often get only part of the big picture. To successfully study and review material for exams, one must completely comprehend both lecture and reading material. Effective reading requires active reader participation, not just scanning the words in hopes that the information will sink in. While reading, you might want to try different strategies for comprehension.
One comprehension strategy is called text marking. Marking the text highlights a reading's structure, parts, and important details. This process can aid a student in understanding the ideas presented and in developing organized study materials. Use rectangles, lines, circles, and lists as symbols to mark text.
Repeatable categories are categories that are repeated for each topic in a section. Sometimes repeatable categories are obvious in the text, but often students must determine them for themselves. Identifying them takes practice, but when students take the time to do so, they will understand the structure of the passage and more easily connect the information to previous knowledge.
Other comprehension strategies include:
Annotation is summing up information in a text or article by writing brief key points in the margins. Annotation is an active reading strategy that improves comprehension and is the beginning of the learning process. It requires students to understand what they are reading and then put the information into their own words.
Students who annotate read to make meaning rather than read to complete the assignment. Annotation encourages students to think about their reading because they have to put the ideas into their own words. In order to do this, students must understand what the text is saying. Though annotation may take longer than passive highlighting, most students end up spending less time studying because they are learning while they are reading and do not need to re-read material later.
As you read the text, take time to note in the margins or on post-it notes:
Make sure you are putting the notes in your own words. By processing the information enough to paraphrase you are gaining a deeper understanding of the material than if you simply rewrite what is in the text.
Make sure you include notes on individual facts as well as broad, big-picture concepts. You need a balance of both in order to gain a deep understanding of the material.
When you have completed annotating the reading assignment, write or recite a 3-5 sentence summary of the assignment. If you are able to articulate the key ideas of the reading then you have read for understanding and comprehension. If you are unable to articulate key ideas you should review your annotations and attempt the summary again. If you are still unable to summarize the reading you should re-read the unclear sections and take additional notes on the reading.
Much of the information gathered from readings and lectures are ideas and concepts that are related to each other. Sometimes, however, linear note taking, in the form of outlines or short sentences, does not make obvious these relationships. Turning notes into pictorial representations can help make relationships and connections between ideas and concepts clearer. There are numerous types of representations and each serves its own purpose. Each student, for each subject, should determine which representations are most appropriate and useful.
A diagram is a learning representation that can be used to help remember component parts of a whole. Visualizing and labeling will help our brain transfer information from short term to long term memory.
A concept map places the main idea in the center, with related ideas radiating out from the center. Mapping is most useful for brainstorming or organizing jumbled information.
A hierarchy organizes information into groups and levels based on comparative importance (general ideas placed above more specific ideas). Information is grouped in levels with similar information appearing on the same level. Hierarchies are very useful in science-based classes (BOT, MBI, ZOO, PHY, GLG).
A sequence organizes information chronologically from left to right. A sequence can also be thought of as steps, phases, events, or stages. Connect the items in the correct order and time by placing arrows between them. Sequences are often used to study literature and history (RT 187, RT 188, HST 111, HST 296, ENG 141).
A matrix can be developed to show relationships between multiple topics and ideas. Sometimes a matrix expands out of a hierarchy or a sequence. On the left of the matrix are the repeatable categories, or those ideas that come up numerous times in the readings and lecture. At the top of the matrix are the common topics within each idea. Many students are familiar with matrices in the form of a spreadsheet or a database.
The described strategies for note-taking must be customized for each student’s learning style and for each course's content. To become a truly successful student at Miami University, dedicate time and energy into developing a system for note taking and use it regularly so that it becomes a habit. Those who engage in active note-taking also engage in active reading and learning that leads to comprehensive understanding.
There are numerous resources available to you to assist in developing better note-taking skills. If you are interested in learning more about note taking please explore the following resources: