Mentor: Ashley Love, Ph.D.

Avian blood parasites are widespread and can have significant physiological effects on their hosts. This study investigated the relationship between blood parasite infection of four common parasites (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Parahaemoproteus, and Trypanosoma) and health metrics in non-migratory, year-round resident Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), with an additional focus on how this relationship is influenced by molting status. We sampled 40 wild cardinals at Hueston Woods State Park in Oxford, Ohio. Blood samples were collected to assess glucose levels and to quantify white blood cell (WBC) differentials, while parasite infection was determined using microscopy and PCR.
Our results show that infected individuals had significantly lower glucose levels compared to uninfected birds, suggesting energetic costs associated with infection or reduced food intake. Lymphocyte counts were not affected by infection status but were significantly elevated in molting individuals, indicating that molt may influence immune function. Additionally, basophil counts were highest in birds that were both infected and molting, suggesting a potential interaction between physiological stressors.
Overall, these findings indicate that blood parasite infection can impact host energy balance, while molting status plays an important role in shaping immune responses. The interaction between infection and molt suggests additive physiological costs, highlighting the importance of considering multiple life-history factors when evaluating wildlife health.

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